Structure -Social Status of French Society


 
 
Concept Explanation
 

Structure -Social Status of French Society

Structure and Social Status of French Society in 18th Century: In the 18th century, French society was divided into three estates

  •    The First Estate (clergy) Members of this estate had vast land and wealth. They were exempted from paying tax and enjoyed certain privileges by birth.
  •    The Second Estate (nobility) Members of this estate also enjoyed privileges by birth and were exempted from paying taxes. They enjoyed feudal privileges such as extraction of feudal dues from peasants.
  •    The Third Estate The rest of the population constituted the third estate (businessmen, merchants, lawyers, peasants, artisans, landless labour, servants, etc). Members of this estate had very few privileges and had to pay taxes. Peasants were important part of this estate who constituted about 90% population. Only a few of them owned land. 60% of land cultivated by peasants was owned by nobles and rich members of third estate. They served lords, in army and in construction work.
  • The Church took taxes called tithes from the peasants. All members of the third estate had to pay taxes to the state. This included taitle, a direct tax and a number of indirect taxes imposed on articles of everyday consumption like salt or tobacco. This estate alone had burden of financing activities of state.

    The Struggle to Survive: During 1715-1789, the population of France increased from 23 to 28 million. This led to a rapid increase in demand for food grains. But the production did not increase. The price of bread rose rapidly. It was the staple diet of the majority. Most workers were employed as labourers in workshops, whose owners fixed their wages. Their wages did not keep pace with the rise in prices. So, the gap between the poor and the rich widened. It became worse when bad weather conditions reduced the harvest. This frequently created a subsistence crisis.

    A Growing Middle Class Envisages an End to Privileges

    In the past, peasants and workers had participated in revolts against increasing taxes and food scarcity. But they lacked the sources and programmes to carry out full scale measures that would bring about a change in the social and economic order. This was left to the groups of the third estate who had become prosperous and had access to education and new ideas.

    Sample Questions
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    Question : 1

    Society based on Freedom, Equal laws and opportunities was advocated by _________________

    Right Option : C
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    Question : 2

    What was the effect of the rise of population of France from about 23 million in 1715 to 28 million in 1789?

    Right Option : B
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    Question : 3

    Which of the following Constituted the privileged class?

    Right Option : D
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